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|image_coa = Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg |image_flag = Flag of Dortmund.svg |lat_deg = 51 | lat_min = 31 | lat_sec = |lon_deg = 7 | lon_min = 28 | lon_sec = |image_plan = North rhine w DO.svg |plantext = |state = North Rhine-Westphalia |region = Arnsberg |district = Urban |elevation = 86 |area = 280.4 |population = 575944 |area_metro = |pop_metro = |Stand = 2013-12-31 |pop_ref = |postal_code = 44001-44388 |PLZ-alt = |area_code = 0231, 02304 |licence = DO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05913000 |NUTS = |LOCODE = |divisions = |website = |mayor = Ullrich Sierau |Bürgermeistertitel = Lord Mayor |party = SPD |ruling_party1 = |ruling_party2 = |ruling_party3 = |year = 882 |category = }} Dortmund (; ; Latin: ''Tremonia'') is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany. In addition Dortmund is the largest city by area and population in the Ruhr Area, an urban area with some 5.1 million (2011) inhabitants which is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany. Founded around 882,〔Wikimedia Commons: First documentary reference to Dortmund-Bövinghausen from 882, contribution-list of the Werden Abbey (near Essen), North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany〕 Dortmund became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. After the Thirty Years' War the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centers until the 1970´s. Dortmund is home to many cultural and educational institutions, including the Technical University of Dortmund and Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, International School of Management and other educational, cultural and administrative facilities with over 49,000 students, many museums, Museum Ostwall, Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, German Football Museum and theaters like the Konzerthaus, the opera house of Dortmund. The city is known as Westphalia's "green metropolis". Nearly half the municipal territory consists of waterways, woodland, agriculture and green spaces with spacious parks such as Westfalenpark and the Rombergpark. This contrasts with nearly a hundred years of extensive coal mining and steel milling within the city limits. Dortmund is home of Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund, commonly known as Borussia Dortmund, one of the most successful clubs in German football history. ==History== The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882〔 as Throtmanni.〔Rudolf Kötzschke (Hrsg.): Die Urbare der Abtei Werden a. d. Ruhr (= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde XX: Rheinische Urbare). Bd. 2: A. Die Urbare vom 9.-13. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 3: B. Lagerbücher, Hebe- und Zinsregister vom 14. bis ins 17. Jahrhundert, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4,I: Einleitung und Register. I. Namenregister. Hrsg. von Fritz Körholz, Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4,II: Einleitung, Kapitel IV: Die Wirtschaftsverfassung und Verwaltung der Großgrundherrschaft Werden. Sachregister. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1958〕 After it was destroyed by a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. It became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". The 1661 earthquake collapsed the Reinoldikirche. It was part of Grand Duchy of Berg between 1806 and 1813 before passing to Prussian rule. Within the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Dortmund was a district seat within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg until 1875, after which it was an urban district within the region. During the industrialisation of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for coal and steel. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the Kapp Putsch - a right military coup launched against the Social Democratic-led government. Radical workers formed a Red Army who fought the freikorps units involved in the coup. Under Nazi Germany, the Old synagogue was destroyed in 1938. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as part of the Action T4 (an additional 229 children were killed in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941). Dortmund bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II included Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the ''Zeche Hansa'';〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=418 )〕 and bombing destroyed about 66% of the Dortmund homes〔A. Schildt, ''Die Sozialgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1989/90'', Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007〕 and about 98% of the inner city area. The code word ''Dortmund'' was radioed to initiate the 1941 Operation Barbarossa campaign against the Soviet Union. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US 95th Infantry Division, attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a spirited German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.〔Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 171.〕 Post-war, buildings such as the Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche (churches) were restored/rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The LWL-Industriemuseum began in 1969,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=LWL Industrial Museum )〕 and the city subsequently became a centre for hi-tech industry. On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a 4,000-pound bomb left over from World War II was found. German authorities safely defused the huge bomb without incident. The bomb was found after analyzing old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany's industrial Ruhr region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57610571/4000-pound-world-war-ii-bomb-forces-mass-evacuation-in-germany/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dortmund」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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